Paris is Burning Essay Example for Free

Paris is Burning Essay Paris is Burning by Jennnie Livingston deals with the culture of drag in New York in the 1980s, which was shown in the Ball competitions wherein men who impersonate, or better yet try to live as women walks and are judged based on their dancing ability, the beauty of their dresses and the authenticity of their impersonation. Each contestant represents a specific house and whenever they win; their respective houses gain a legendary status. The film was presented by showing alternate footages between the ball competition and interviews with the contestants. Although a very notable film, Paris is Burning is also highly criticized especially by feminists. In watching the film, you will see how the contestants try to portray how women look like basing on â€Å"stereotypical† identities or those greatly based on what men would like in a woman physically, making her the subject of desire. It failed to show the other characteristics and essence of women such as their social roles, the drags just focused on the aspects that perpetuate men’s hierarchy. It further undermines women by interpreting that being a woman makes one powerless which manifested in one of the interviews wherein one of the drags say that he will never become a woman because having the female genitalia does not necessarily mean that life would be great. Thus, many saw that this film as a mocking or women. On the other hand, the film succeeded in the presentation of yet another marginalized culture which is that of the gay. It was able to put their character at the centre of the film and elaborated on their culture. It was able to shed light on the often misunderstood â€Å"third’ gender and was able to present their side of the story. Then again, as was said earlier, it was done so by challenging the essence of women, which would make us think if it was able to resolve any issues at all. Thus we ask, was the film really an exposure of the drag culture or a celebration of the patriarchal society?

Brisbane: Impacts of Water Management Strategies Essay -- Brisbane Pop

1. Introduction The Queensland region recently suffered its worst drought in over a century. This period was shared with a rapid increase in the city’s population. A combination of severe drought and a rapid increase in population had a permanent impact on the city’s water management strategy. Brisbane population is expected to reach 4.5 million by 2050. This report aims to look at how the relationship between Brisbane’s water resources and population growth have effected society, the economy and the environment. It will briefly look at the growth rate of Brisbane’s population how this subsequently affected the city’s ability to meet challenges in water demand. The report will critically analyse the State Government five water management strategies. It will explore whether the strategies are environmentally sustainable in the growing population. It will aim to determine whether the strategies effective in protecting the state’s biophysical resource. The report will critically evaluate the current and potential impacts of water management strategies to the biophysical resource base. 2. Population growth and water supply The population growth of Brisbane has widely been viewed mark of economic prosperity (Wasimi, 2010). The Australian Labor government national policy encouraged population growth by giving financial incentives for people to have more children and encouraging migration (Lowe, 2010). However, the growth affected the city’s capacity to cope with growing demand for water. Brisbane’s water consumption is divided into ‘direct’ such as household water and ‘indirect’ such as commercial use (Rutherford and Finlayson, 2011). Brisbane’s water consumption growing rapidly due to the urban affluent lifestyle such ... ... (1), p437–447. Rutherfurd, I and Finlayson, B (2011) 'Whither Australia: Will Availability of Water Constrain the Growth of Australia’s Population?', Geographical Research , 49(3), pp. p301–316. Spearritt, R. (2009). THE 200 KM CITY: BRISBANE, THE GOLD COAST, AND SUNSHINE COAST. Australian Economic History Review. 49 (1), p87-106. Tam. V, Tamb. L and S.X. Zengc. (2009). Cost effectiveness and tradeoff on the use of rainwater tank: An empirical study in Australian residential decision-making. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 54 (1), p178-186. The Water & Carbon Group Pty Ltd. (2013). Sewage Treatment. Available: http://www.waterandcarbon.com.au/services/sewage-treatment. Last accessed 6th April 2014. Wasimi, S 2010, 'Planning for a large dam project: the case of Traveston Crossing Dam', Water Resources Management, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2991-3015.

Biochem Ppt 56

| BARRY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES COURSE SYLLABUS SPRING 2013| COURSE NUMBER:BMS 528 SEC 01 COURSE NAME:BIOCHEMISTRY II TERM/YEAR:Spring 2013 (Jan. 9th, 2013 – May 3rd, 2013) LECTURE ROOM:Hollywood Rm 2 LECTURE SCHEDULE:Friday, 9:00 – 12:00 p. m. INSTRUCTOR NAME:Graham Shaw, Ph. D. Professor OFFICE ADDRESS: Wiegand 229 OFFICE TELEPHONE: 305-899-3264 EMAIL: [email  protected] barry. edu OFFICE HOURS:Tuesday, 12. 30 – 3 p. m. Thursday, 12. 30 – 3 p. m. All other times by appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION:Biochemistry at Barry University is taught over two semesters, Biochemistry I in the Fall and Biochemistry II in the Spring. These courses have been designed so that when integrated they provide the necessary biochemical knowledge for those in the medical and health related professions. The structure, function and metabolism of biologically important molecules were reviewed in biochemistry I. Biochemistry II serves to build on this material whilst considering the application of biochemistry to disease etiology, diagnosis and treatment.Biochemistry II starts with a review of two areas crucial to normal, healthy cellular functioning. The structure and function of biological membranes, in particular the variety of cell signal transduction paradigms and the biochemistry of hormones. The structure, function and replication of the cell’s genetic material. This information is reviewed in a series of lectures on DNA, the genetic code, protein synthesis and aspects of molecular biology. The digestion and absorption of biomolecules is reviewed and the consequences of malfunction considered.A number of disease states are used to illustrate selected principles including the relationship between nutrition and disease; atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes. The application of clinical biochemistry techniques to disease diagnosis is described and the biochemistry of exercise and aging visited. ARTICULATION TO MISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY: This course is offered by the College of Health Sciences, which is grounded in the liberal arts tradition and is a part of Barry University’s scholarly community, committed to the highest academic standards in graduate education.This Biochemistry course addresses both the university mission statement as well as the strategic plan adapted by the College of Health Sciences. This is accomplished by offering a high quality student-centered curriculum in an environment, that encourages Christian and ethical values and promotes intellectual growth and curiosity. Throughout the semester students will be encouraged to visit with faculty and demonstrate their critical thinking skills by offering opinions on current scientific theories and research reviews as they relate to Biochemistry.Case studies will be incorporated into lecture material and used to encourage student pursuit of knowledge and truth. Students in this course will develop an awareness of health issu es that impact those living within and outside of our community as they analyze nutrient deficiency diseases. The course will also stimulate awareness for the wellbeing of others as the prevalence and etiology of metabolic disorders is addressed. COURSE GOALS: At the end of this course, students should be able recall and apply biochemical principles to other courses throughout the curriculum, e. g. Pharmacology, Physiology. Students should be able to rationalize the significance of biochemistry in health and disease. COURSE OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, the student will be able to: [1] Evaluate the structure and function of the plasma membrane. [2] Discriminate between the variety of signal transduction mechanisms. [3]Explain the principles of DNA transcription and translation and evaluate the mechanisms by which protein synthesis is regulated. [4]Discuss the digestion and absorption of biomolecules. [5]Summarize the principles of clinical biochemistry and organ function tes ts. 6]Appraise the importance of biochemistry to disease etiology and diagnosis. TEACHING METHODS: Each lecture will be presented using Powerpoint. Topical material not covered in the text may be addressed in class as appropriate, and is examinable. Where possible, time will be allowed for informal discussion of clinical scenarios and questions at the end of each class. Additional class materials, including case studies, and e-learning materials may also be posted to the Blackboard learning environment as the course progresses, and students are also responsible for this material.An atmosphere of mutual respect will be reflected in all teaching/learning experiences COURSE TEXTS: REQUIRED TEXT(S) Shaw, G. P. Biochemistry for Health Professionals. Third Edition, John Wiley. New York. 2011. EVALUATION CRITERIA: There will be three (3) quizzes and two (2) unit tests, a mid-term and a final. QUIZ I Jan 18th 10% QUIZ II: Feb 22nd 10% QUIZ III April 12th 10%MID-TERM TEST (Lecs 1 – 7)Mar 1st 35% FINAL EXAM (Lecs 8 – 14)May 3rd 35% TOTAL 100% DETERMINATION OF GRADE: Biochemistry II will be assessed by 3 quizzes, a mid-term examination and a final non-cumulative examination as indicated in the course schedule. Tests will be of one hour duration, and may contain material from class discussion, the Blackboard learning environment (including case studies) as well as the course text. Any questions you wish to challenge either from a quiz or a test, MUST BE IN WRITING and documented within 1 week of the key being posted.Tests and quizzes will not be returned and grades will not be rounded. GRADING SCALE: 100 – 90%A 89. 9 – 80%B 79. 9 – 70%C less than 70%F Grades will be posted on Blackboard. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY POLICY: Cheating or plagiarism will not be tolerated. A student who is caught either giving or receiving information or assistance during a testing session, quiz or examination will automatically receive the F grade and 0% on either the quiz or examination. The same consequence will apply to any proven case of plagiarism or communicating material on an examination to students in another section of the course.Furthermore, that individual[s] will be referred to the Dean for appropriate disciplinary action. DISABILITY STATEMENT: Students with documented special learning needs may want to inform the instructor so that accommodations may be made, or contact Barry Office of Services for students with Disabilities (305) 899-3489. STUDENT BEHAVIOR: All Barry students are expected to behave according to accepted norms that ensure a climate wherein all can exercise their right to learn. Disruptive behavior is not acceptable in the classroom.Students engaging in such behavior may be asked to leave or may be removed from the class by security personnel. Actions such as violence, shouting, use of cell phones and/or beepers, using profanity, interrupting, and any other behavior that the instructor believes creates an unplea sant environment in the classroom will be grounds for withdrawal from the course, judicial proceedings and/or failure in the course. FOOD/BEVERAGES: Barry University has a policy of prohibiting eating and drinking within classroom space. PUNCTUALITY: Students are expected to be on time for class. If you arrive later than 10 inutes after class has started, there is a possibility that the door will be locked. COURSE-SPECIFIC POLICIES: Attendance: Students are expected to attend all lectures and to take all tests and quizzes at the regularly scheduled time. Students should have completed the assigned reading in advance of class, and be prepared to discuss this at class time. Only by participating in class can the student gain a complete understanding of the concepts presented in the course objectives, course text and recommended readings. Attire for all lectures and examinations should be professional. Academic Assistance:After the first exam those students receiving a grade below a C must make an appointment with Dr. Shaw within one week of grade posting, for academic counseling. Excused absences from exams: If any student is unable to attend an exam due to illness (or other circumstances) he/she should notify Dr Shaw prior to the examination (or shortly after) if at all possible. The student is responsible for submitting a physician's excuse. An excuse may be refused for chronic absentees. Once the absence has been excused, the student is also responsible for contacting the Dr Shaw to arrange a date and time to take the make-up exam.NOTE: FAILURE TO OBTAIN AN EXCUSE WILL RESULT IN A GRADE OF 0% FOR THE EXAM. LACK OF PREPARATION IS NOT CONSIDERED A VALID EXCUSE FOR MISSING AN EXAM. CHALLENGE POLICY: Faculty will review all examinations in class with students, usually within 1 week of the grades being posted. This will not be a discussion session and any questions you wish to challenge either from a quiz or a test, MUST BE IN WRITING and documented within 1 week of the key being posted; verbal challenges will not be accepted at any time. In the case of a challenge the final authority for accuracy will be the course text.Tests and quizzes will not be returned though they may be viewed by students with faculty approval. Make-Up Exam Policy: Make-up exams can be of many types at the discretion of the instructor. Make-up exams will be given after (not before) the regularly scheduled exam. If more than one person misses an exam, the make- up exams will be given simultaneously. Videotape: Video and audiotape of Biochemistry classes is not permitted unless approved by faculty and the Office of Disability Services. Online lectures and e-learning materials will be available for review from the Blackboard website.COURSE SCHEDULE Lecture No. | Date Friday| TOPIC| READING(Shaw) Chapter| 1| 11th Jan| Membrane structure and functionCystic fibrosisG proteins, Signal transduction| 34 – 36| 2| 18thJan| Quiz I (Lecture 1 plus e-learning materials) (10 %)Deoxyribonucleic acidPreparation for DNA replicationDNA replication| 37 – 39| 3| 25th Jan| Mutations and DNA repairRNA and transcriptionThe genetic code| 40 – 42| 4| 1st Feb| Protein synthesisRegulation of protein synthesis in prokaryotesRegulation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes| 43 – 45| 5| 8th Feb| CancerInvestigating DNA| 46 – 47| | 15th Feb| Principles of nutritionCalcium and osteoporosis| 48| 7| 22nd Feb| Fed, fasting & starvingIntegration of metabolism Digestion of dietary fatQUIZ II Lecture 6 plus e-learning materials) (10%)| 49 – 51| 8| 1st Mar| MID-TERM EXAMINATION (35%) (Lectures 1 – 7)Obesity Lipoproteins| 52 – 53| SPRING BREAK MARCH 4th – 8th| 9| 15th Mar| Atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemiaDigestion of carbohydratesDiabetes mellitusDiabetic complications| 54 – 57| 10| 22nd Mar| Protein digestion and absorptionIron metabolismHeme metabolism & Jaundice| 58 – 60| | 29th Mar| Easter No Class| | 1| 5th Apr| Collagen Growth factors and wound healingBlood clotting & Clot dissolutionBlood tests and clinical scenario| 61 – 64| 12| 12th Apr| Plasma proteinsOrgan function testsQUIZ III (Lecture 11 plus e-learning materials) (10%)| 65 – 66| 13| 19thApr| Enzyme diagnosticsAlcohol metabolism| 67 – 68| 14| 26th Apr| Exercise metabolismAging| 69 – 70| | May 3rd| FINAL EXAMINATION(Lectures 8 – 15) 35 %3:00 pm| | ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Subject to change in extenuating circumstances

Teenage Pregnancy Is A Large Concern Throughout The World

Teen pregnancy is a large concern throughout the world. This is especially true in the United States (US). In the U.S. teenage pregnancy affects 750,000 girls annually. (Silvers, 2014) According to Kate Blackman, 1 in 4 teens get pregnant before the age of twenty and 1 in 5 teen moms will have a second child by the age of twenty. (2015) Social media shows many aspects about teenage pregnancy and parenthood. Because of this many young adults get to see the reality behind this subject. Even though on the surface of a magazine cover or on the internet it may seem like teenage pregnancy is glamorized in social media, this is not the case. There are many ways that the media truly shows the struggles of being a teen mother. Since magazines are meant to entertain they will not show this but almost all other social media areas will. This helps make a statement about it. Social media helps to deglamorize and prevent teenage pregnancy. Research has shown that social media is a large factor in the reduction of teenage pregnancy. Social media reduces the amount of face to face interaction between young adults which results in less opportunities for sexual activity. Between 2013 and 2014 teenage pregnancy rates dropped by approximately 6.8% (Bennett, 2016). This evolution of social media caused this. It has changed how young people interact and communicate with each other. Clare Murphy states that the media is often portrayed as paving the way for risky behaviour. She continues byShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Experience Of Sexuality Education At Avondale College And St. Dominic s College Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagespromotes heteronormativity but often fails to wholeheartedly acknowledge desire,homosexualtity and teenage pregnancy.This failure to acknowlege key aspects of sexuality in schools has numerous consequences such as widening of the ‘knowledge/practice gap’(Allen,2005),pervasiveness of homop hobic and discriminatory perceptions and environments in educational institutions and antipathy towards teenage parents in the community. The social stigma that surrounds the topic of desire and sex is especiallyRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay1771 Words   |  8 Pages Every year approximately one million teenage girls become pregnant in the United States. Of theses pregnancies only 13 percent are intended. As a result, about a third of these teens abort their pregnancies, another 14 percent lose their pregnancies to miscarriage, and the remaining 52 percent teens bear children. Of the half-a-million teens that give birth annually, 72 percent are unmarried and 75 percent are giving birth for the first time. More than 175,000 of these new moms are ageRead MoreChildbearing Among Teenagers Essay2484 Words   |  10 Pagesthough these concerns have not shown a significant threat to the welfare of future generations, there has been considerable effort, especially in industrialized countries, to control and prevent these issues. Teenage pregnancy, in particular, has made an impressive improvement over recent years.[1] Compared to the last three decades, 33% less teenagers in Canada were pregnant in 2001 according to Statistics Canada (Medical News Today, 2004). When analyzing teenage pregnancyRead MoreSexual Health in Civilization Essay examples1671 Words   |  7 PagesThe reason why this is an interesting topic is because each society around the world has different groups of people who have their own or cultural view on when it comes to sexual health and illness as matter of fact not all cultures or groups are aware on how to prevent an unwanted pregnancy or have the knowledge of the transmission of sexually transmitted disease along with other reproductive health issues and or concerns. The Literature Research A combination of key phrases used to search forRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And The Teenage Pregnancy Rates2094 Words   |  9 PagesPregnancy and parenthood is a significantly life- altering event that anyone could experience. These two life events inquire not only physical but mental obstacles. What happens when these events occur when your body is not physically developed and your mental maturity is not fully ripened? 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The psychological effects of these pregnancies can be severe. ï‚ · Birth and Post-Birth Issues * More than half of teenage pregnancies continue to birth. According to a researcherRead MoreResearch Paper – Sex Education in Public Schools1569 Words   |  7 Pagesutilized abstinence-only sex education programs to be taught throughout both intermediate schools and high schools. Though during the entire time that abstinence-only programs have been used, there has been a constant debate among both parents and educational authorities how to approach a better way of conducting sex education. The question has risen of whether or not abstinence-only programs actually aid the decrease of teen pregnancy, prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, or areRead MoreLife of a Teenager7946 Words   |  32 PagesThe Effects of Teenage Relationships Different relationships affect teenagers in various ways. Friends impact teenagers almost the same amount as their parents. Teenagers go to their friends for help or to ask questions that they could not ask their parents about. Most of the time their friends give them good advice but then there is the down side when they put pressure on their friends to do something like to smoke, drink, and do drugs. In most cases they tell their friends how to dress and act

Capital Punishment Needs Abolished Essay - 1983 Words

Why Capital Punishment Should be Abolished Unlike popular belief, the death penalty does not act as a deterrent to criminals. As stated by Alfred Blumstein, quot;Expert after expert and study after study has shown the lack of correlation between the treat of the death penalty and the occurrence of violent crimes.quot; (Blumstein 68) Isaac Ehrlichs study on the limiting effects of capital punishment in America reveals this to the public. The study spans twenty-five years, from 1957 till 1982, and shows that in the first year the study was conducted, there were 8060 murders and 6 executions. However, in the last year of the study there were 22,520 murders committed and only 1 execution performed. (Blumstein 54) This clearly shows that†¦show more content†¦During this period, the prisoners flesh burns and the body shakes violently from the overdose of electricity. When it is all over, smoke is often seen coming from the head of the corpse. (Ernest Van den Haag 135) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Officials often defend this punishment as not being cruel and unusual, but how can they defend the opinion in the case of John Evans who was executed by electrocution in 1983? According to witnesses at the scene of the death of Mr. Evans, he was given three charges of electricity over a period of fourteen minutes. After the first and second charges, Mr. Evans was still conscious and smoke was coming from all over his body, as a result from his flesh burning. An official at the prison even tries to stop the execution on account of it being cruel punishment, but the man was unsuccessful. Witnesses later called the whole incident quot;a barbaric ritualquot;. (Haag 221) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another method of execution is the gas chamber; during this procedure a prisoner is put in a closed chamber and forced to inhale lethal fumes from a sulfuric acid and a cyanide chemical reaction. (Haag 243) According to a statement given by the U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens concerning the 1992 execution of Donald Harding, there did not seem to be any civilized aspect of the gas chamber method of executingShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Debate On Capital Punishment760 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica’s Debate: Should the Capital Punishment be abolished in the United States? Violent crimes such a murder, rape, sexual assault, and robbery are perpetrated by criminals once every few minutes in this country. Lawmakers spend countless hours enacting laws to prevent these crimes. The introduction of the death penalty is an effort to deter criminals from committing heinous crimes. What exactly does the death penalty accomplish? The best description of the term death penalty is the legal executionRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?. The Death Penalty982 Words   |  4 PagesShould the death penalty be abolished? 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If there was an absolute 100% belief and proof of guilt for the most serious of crimes (murderRead MoreCapital Punishment1137 Words   |  5 Pagescorresponding punishments. Among all penalties, capital punishment is considered to be the most severe and cruelest one which takes away criminal’s most valuable right in the world, that is, right to live. It is a heated debate for centuries whether capital punishment should be completely abolished world widely. The world seems to have mixed opinion regarding this issue. According to Amnesty International (2010), currently, 97 countries in the world have already abolished capital punishment while onlyRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Not Effective865 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent. Capital punishment is legal authorization to kill someone as a punishment for crimes such as treason, terrorism, espionage, federal murder, and large-scale drug trafficking. In the 1960s, the American Convention on Human rights was created providing a right for life, but the death penalty is inc luded as an exception. While the percent for capital punishment is high in America the majority of Americans would rather have the sentencing be life in prison without parole. Even though capital punishmentRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 PagesCarina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better programs such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishment for a sentence of life in prison without the possibilityRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesSaudi Arabia Name: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countriesRead MoreEssay about Capital Punishment and The Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon1003 Words   |  5 PagesCapital punishment dates back to 18th century B.C. in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon. 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Those not in favor of it argue that it is an ineffective crime deterrent, sends the wrongRead MoreDeath Penalty Is Killing People1744 Words   |  7 Pagesdeserve to pay consequences without unusual punishment like the Constitution says. Killing the murderer does not make a difference because the family’s victims will not get their deceased family member back. We all know that there is crime every day, so why kill the inmates when they can pa y their consequences in a prison guarded by correctional officers? People who support capital punishment want revenge not justice. Death penalty should be abolished because it is extremely expensive, it is inhumane

A Central Nervous System Stimulant - 974 Words

Adrafinil is a central nervous system stimulant that is used to increase wakefulness in the daytime, has been shown to improve mood, increase cognitive function, help energy levels, and help with symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, one of the more desirable effects of Adrafinil is its ability to increase memory function and, in some cases, increase the learning capacity of those who take it. Adrafinil is taken in doses between 150 mg and 300. The mechanism by which Adrafinil is able to work on alertness and memory retention is through its stimulating effects on the central nervous system. Adrafinil is believed to increase the amount of orexin produced by the brain’s hypothalamus. The increase in orexin leads to an increase in†¦show more content†¦The mechanism by which it accomplishes this is by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. Serotonin is the neurotransmitter that is most commonly associated with chemical imbalances that lead to depression. In fact , the most common antidepressants prescribed by doctors are those that limit the reuptake of serotonin by a cell and thus increase the levels of extracellular serotonin. Adrafinil also increases the levels of extracellular serotonin and thus can improve mood, reduce anxiety and limit the crippling effects of depression. As previously noted, one of the most desirable effects of Adrafinil is its ability to enhance the memory of those who take it. The first way it accomplishes this is by increasing the body’s production of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine has been shown in laboratory testing of mice to be very crucial for memory development, specifically at the moment the memory is formed. Healthy mice and experimental mice that were mutated to no longer produce norepinephrine were both tested on a water maze that would test spatial as well as contextual memory. The mice that were healthy were able to remember the layout of the maze and perform better after the first few tests. Ho wever, the mice that did not produce norepinephrine were not able to remember the maze layout and did not improve their maze completion times. This experiment showed the importance of norepinephrine in forming memories. Adrafinil can thus

Business Law Contract Free-Sample for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Whether a contract was formed between Peter and Pravani, or Not?2.Whether a Valid Contract was formed between Alonso and Chris, or Not? Answers: 1.Rule A contract can be stated as an exchange of promise, which is made amongst two or a higher number of parties, for carrying out a decided obligation, for a certain specified consideration. Generally, to form a contract, there are two modes. The first one is the one in which the terms of the contract are spoken out and it forms a verbal contract. The second method is to out down the terms of the contract on a paper, which is then signed by all the parties, and it becomes a written contract. There are certain crucial elements which are needed to form any contract, and these include agreement, i.e., offer and acceptance, the intent to be bound in a lawful manner, and consideration. The initiating point of any contract is the offer. In Placer Developments Ltd v Cth (1969) 121 CLR 353, it was held that the offer has to be promissory and cannot be generalized (Jade 2017). There is a need to differentiate an offer from an invitation to treat. An invitation represents that the party is willing to start negotiating on a particular deal; whereas, an offer shows that the parties are willing to start legal relations. The advertisements in magazines or newspapers, or the goods which are kept on the shelf of a shop are all considered as an invitation to treat and it would never be considered as an offer. And in the case of invitation to treat, the individual is not required to complete the sale, as was held in Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 (E-Law Resources 2017). In the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] EWCA Civ 6, the displayed goods were held to be an invitation. And the contract was held to be completed only when the offer was accepted or rejected at the cash desk by the pharmacist (Swarb 2016). However, if the same contains a unilateral offer, it is deemed as an offer, as was established in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256. In this case, an offer was made by the company to award the individual who would contract influenza, even when the individual used the smoking ball. The reason behind this is that the unilateral offer can be accepted by anyone from general public (Gibson and Fraser 2014, 346). Once an offer is made, it has to be accepted at the same terms as it was made, and while the offer still exists. The acceptance can only be given by the individual to whom the offer was made. The instantaneous communication rule provides that the acceptance has to be communicated. The postal rules of acceptance are an exception to this. In Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27, it was held that the acceptance is taken the moment the letter is posted (Macdonald and Atkins 2014, 25). However, on the communication sent through phone or telex, the instantaneous communication rules apply. In Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl GmbH [1983] 2 AC 34, it was held that the contract would be created when the communication sent by the sender was received and is also established in the jurisdiction in which it is received (Swarb 2017a). The principle given in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] EWCA Civ 3 was accepted in this case. In the quoted case, it was held that the acceptance is attained only when telex is received (British and Irish Legal Information Institute 2017). 2.Rule Apart from the element of agreement, there are two other elements which have to be at hand in order to form a contract and these are the elements of consideration and intention. The consideration is also the remuneration for keeping the promise. It can be anything which is mutually decided between the parties, however, the same needs to have an economic value. The case of Price v Easton (1833) 4 B Ad 433 imposes a duty on the individual who has enjoyed the services promised in the contract, to pay the decided consideration, or can be held liable for a breach (Parris 2016, 98). In the case of Thomas v Thomas (1842) QB 851, the court held that consideration can be a promise to do or give something, or it can be money. Though, it cannot be a promise to not give or do something. Moreover, the judges also held that the consideration had to be sufficient, even though the same may not be adequate (Swarb 2015a). Another point regarding consideration is that it has to be made when the promise is being conducted or after the same has been conducted. Consideration cannot come before the promise is made. In short, past consideration is not deemed as sufficient and this was established in the case of Stylk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317; 170 ER 1168 (Swarb 2015b). Another element is the intention of the parties to form legal relationship. In the case of Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1975] UKHL, it was found that there was presence of intention to form lawful relationship. This was because of the fact that the coins were offered to the purchasers of four gallons of petrol in commercial context, which clarified the presence of intent (Swarb 2017b). In the case of Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95, it was held that the relevant facts of the case could only determine if there was presence of intention to be legally bound or not (Australian Contract Law 2017). Application In the given scenario, the goods displayed on the shop are an invitation to treat as per Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd. And due to the applicability of Partridge v Crittenden, Pravani is not obliged to sale the same. Further in this case, there was no unilateral offer in form of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. And the offer was also clear for the item and was not generalized, as was held in Placer Developments Ltd v Cth. This is evident from the fact that Peter came into the shop and started negotiating for the sale of antique Comb Set. After the negotiations were made, it was decided that the offer stood at $600 for the set. The acceptance mode was deiced as a communication through the telephone. As per Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl GmbH, the acceptance would be attained only when the communication was received. A similar provision was held in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation. So, the communication of acceptance was received by Pravani only after she had heard the message. This came after another deal regarding the same product was successfully accomplished, and so the acceptance was rendered useless. In the given case, the offer was made with a consideration $50,000, even though the same was available in the market at a lower price of $35,000. However, Thomas v Thomas dictates that the amount of consideration is irrelevant, as long as it is sufficient. So, the consideration may be inadequate and yet valid. Moreover, there is no aspect of past consideration in this as per Stylk v Myrick. So, as per the element of consideration, a valid contract was established in this case. Regarding the intention to form lawful relations, there was a clear intention on part of both Alonso and Chris. As per Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise, the case involved a commercial dealing and so, the intention can be presumed. Further, the facts of the case can clarify the presence of intent as per Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc. Chris clearly wanted to form legal relations and this is the reason he offered Alonso to attain his services at particularly stated terms and conditions. These conditions were acceptable to Chris and he wanted to give his acceptance. This is evident from the typed letter and the subsequent attempts at communicating his acceptance. So, Alonso had clear intention of forming legal relations. Chris changed his tone when he got to know that the same services were available by an award winning Web Design Company. This is when he changed his statement and told Alonso that he had no intention of forming legal relations and that the project was real. So, Chris had clear intentions, and would have gone ahead with the contract, had the offer from Web Design Company, with a lower price, not present to him. Conclusion Based on these points, it can be concluded that a lawful or legal contract was not created between Peter and Pravani due to the absence of a crucial element of contract, pertaining to agreement. This is due to the fact that an acceptance was not made by Peter on time. Based on these points, it can be concluded that a contract was formed between Chris and Alonso, due to the presence of valid consideration, along with the intention of creating legal relationship. References Australian Contract Law. 2017. Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95. https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/ermogenous.html British and Irish Legal Information Institute. 2017. Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] EWCA Civ 3 (17 May 1955). https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1955/3.html E-Law Resources. 2017. Partridge v Crittenden (1968) 2 All ER 421. https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Partridge-v-Crittenden.php Gibson, Andy, and Douglas Fraser. 2014. Business Law 2014. New South Wales: Pearson. Jade. 2017. Placer Development Ltd v Commonwealth. https://jade.io/j/?a=outlineid=66132 Macdonald, Elizabeth and Ruth Atkins. 2014. Koffman Macdonald's Law of Contract. 8th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Parris, John. 2016. Commercial Law: Made Simple. London: Elsevier. Swarb. 2015a. Thomas v Thomas; 5 Feb 1842. https://swarb.co.uk/thomas-v-thomas-5-feb-1842/ Swarb. 2015b. Stilk v Myrick: KBD 16 Dec 1809. https://swarb.co.uk/stilk-v-myrick-kbd-16-dec-1809/ Swarb. 2016. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd: CA 5 Feb 1953. https://swarb.co.uk/pharmaceutical-society-of-great-britain-v-boots-cash-chemists-southern-ltd-ca-5-feb-1953/ Swarb. 2017a. Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH: HL 1982. https://swarb.co.uk/brinkibon-ltd-v-stahag-stahl-und-stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft-mbh-hl-1982/ Swarb. 2017b. Esso Petroleum Limited v Commissioners of Customs and Excise: HL 10 Dec 1975. https://swarb.co.uk/esso-petroleum-limited-v-commissioners-of-customs-and-excise-hl-10-dec-1975/